Agriculture news

Dairy Terms & Definitions Part- VIII

HOMOGENIZATION

A process applied to milk that results in fat globules being reduced in size to allow a smooth consistency.

HOOF TRIMMER

A trained professional who specializes in the trimming of a cow’s hooves on a regular basis in order to maintain comfort. Hoof trimmers are trained to detect disease, injury or other hoof-related problems and can advise farmers on treatments.

HORMONE

A chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. Hormones are naturally present in many foods of plant and animal origin, including all milk. Bovine somatotropin is a naturally-occurring protein hormone in cows. A trace amount of this hormone is present in all milk, including organic products, and is digested when humans eat it, just like other proteins. References to hormones on milk packaging refer to whether farmers produce milk by treating their cows with a supplemental hormone.

HUTCH

An individual housing unit designed for young calves.

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)

A form of assisted reproduction of dairy cows used by farmers.

INNOVATION CENTER FOR KENYA DAIRY

A forum for the dairy industry – including farmer organizations, dairy cooperatives, processors, and brands – to work together pre-competitively to address barriers and foster innovation. The Innovation Center aligns the collective resources of the industry to offer consumers nutritious dairy products and ingredients, and promote the health of people, communities, and the planet.

IRRIGATION

The replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops. Irrigation sources include a nearby or distant body of water such as a river, spring, lake, aquifer, well or snowpack. The water can be directly channeled to the fields or stored in a reservoir for later use.

JERSEY

A breed of dairy cattle that is renowned for the high butterfat content of its milk. Jersey cows are smaller than other breeds (800 to 1,200 pounds) and are known for their big eyes, honey-brown color and docile natures.

JOHNE’S DISEASE

A bacterial infection in the intestines of ruminant animals, including cattle and certain other domesticated and wild animals worldwide. While not known to be transmissible to humans, the Kenyan government and the dairy industry are working to control/manage Johne’s because it affects the productivity of dairy cows.

LACTATION

The secretion of milk from the cow’s udder.

LAGOON

An on-farm storage basin for cow manure that is dug into the ground like a pond and lined to prevent absorption into the earth. Manure is mixed with water to provide a natural fertilizer for crops that are grown to feed cows. Many government inspections and regulations oversee the construction and use of lagoons and manure.

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Dairy Terms & Definitions Part- VII

GMO FEED

The feed for cows on dairy farms can be grown from genetically modified seeds. Genetically modified crops allow farmers to grow feed and foods more efficiently using the same amount of land to maximize crop yields and minimize use of water and other natural resources. Scientific experts have confirmed that the crops are safe and provide the same nutrition, for animals and people, as other crops.

GREAT KENYA MILK DRIVE

The first nationwide program to deliver milk to hungry families. According to Kenya freedom from Hunger, which represents 60,000 food banks and feeding programs across the country, milk is the most requested, but least donated, item in food banks.

GUERNSEY

A small, cream-and-brown breed of dairy cattle that produces more milk per unit of body weight than any other breed. Guernseys are renowned for the high butterfat content of their milk. The Guernsey was bred on the British Channel Island of Guernsey and descended from cattle stock brought from nearby Normandy.

HAY

Dried feed such as rye, alfalfa, clover, grass and oats, which is used as a food source for dairy cows. A hay field is mowed and the trimmings dry in the sun for two to three days. Also see Forage & Silage.

HEIFER

A female dairy animal that has yet to give birth to a calf.

HERD

A grouping of cows on a dairy farm. Cows are often placed into herds with other cows of their age or milking status, such as dry cows and heifers.

HOLSTEIN

A black and white dairy cow (though there also are “Red Holsteins”) that is the most predominant breed of dairy cattle worldwide, and represent approximately 90 percent of dairy cows in the United States. The Holstein originated in the province of Friesland, The Netherlands. They are known for having the highest milk production of all dairy cattle breeds.

HOMOGENIZATION

A process applied to milk that results in fat globules being reduced in size to allow a smooth consistency.

HOOF TRIMMER

A trained professional who specializes in the trimming of a cow’s hooves on a regular basis in order to maintain comfort. Hoof trimmers are trained to detect disease, injury or other hoof-related problems and can advise farmers on treatments.

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OneclickAgri introduction

Dairy Terms & Definitions Part-VI

EAR TAG

A device similar to an earring that dairy farmers place in the ears of their animals to identify each member of the herd. Ear tags contain a number that is given to that particular cow and allows the dairy farmer to maintain accurate health and milk production records.

FACTORY FARM

A term used by critics of modern food production (often used to describe animal agriculture) to refer to larger-scale farms. According to Dairypesa research, 97 percent of dairy farms in the Kenya are family-owned and operated.

FAMILY FARM

Dairypesa research report shows that 97 percent of dairy farms in the Kenya are owned and operated by families.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (FMD)

Partialy severe, highly contagious viral disease of cattle and other livestock including sheep, goats and other cloven-hooved ruminants. FMD is not a health threat to humans. The Kenya has been free of FMD since 2005.

FORAGE

Cow feed that is high in fiber, such as whole plants of corn, small grains (such as oats, barley, or wheat), legumes, and grasses.

Also see Silage & Hay.

FREE STALL BARN

A modern barn that houses and protects the dairy herd and provides a comfortable resting area. It includes individual stalls and bedding for each cow as well as free access to clean water and feed 24 hours a day. Free-stalls provide outstanding ventilation and many are climate controlled allowing for cow cooling measures such as misters and fans in the summer and curtains and sidewalls for the winter. The cows are not restrained

and are free to enter, lie down, rise and leave the barn whenever they desire.

FREESTALL BARN

A modern barn that houses and protects the dairy herd and provides a comfortable resting area. It includes individual stalls and bedding for each cow, and access to clean water and feed 24 hours a day. Freestall barns provide optimal ventilation and many are climate controlled, allowing for cow cooling measures such as misters and fans in the summer and curtains and sidewalls for the winter. Cows are not restrained and are free to enter, lie down, rise, and leave the barn as they desire.

FRESH COW

A cow that has recently given birth to a calf.

Genotype:

An Animal’s genetic makeup

GMO (GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM)

The process of intentionally making a copy of a gene for a desired trait from one plant or organism and using it in another plant. Fluid milk is not genetically modified nor are the cows that produce the milk.

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Dairy Terms &Definitions Part-V

CASEIN

The dominant protein (80 percent) in cow’s milk. Casein is vital to cheesemaking and has a variety of uses in manufacturing.

COLOSTRUM

The first milk given to calves in the first 24 hours of life by a dairy cow following birth. Colostrum is rich in fat and protein and has immunity elements.

COMPOST

A process used by dairy farmers in which cow manure and other organic matter at the farm is collected and processed into a natural soil enhancement, furthering dairy’s commitment to sustainability.

CLASSIFICATION:

A system of assigning numeric values to various parts of a cow,based on how well they compare to breed ideals. Performed by trained Holstein classifiers, the results is an official final “classification score,” which gives the owner unbiased information on how their cattle rank compared to the breed standard, and can give other interest parties an idea of what the cow looks like without seeing her,based on scores.

CONVENTIONAL

A commonly used term to describe commercial agriculture and milk production in the Kenya in which farmers use approved farming methods that involved the use of synthetic pesticides, chemical fertilizer and other science-based technologies. Conventional food is as safe and wholesome as food produced by non-conventional methods.

CONFRONTATION:

The physical appearance of a bovine, including their bone structure

COW

A mature female of cattle that has delivered a calf, usually around 2 years of age.

CREAM

The high-fat portion of milk that is separated during processing. Cream is used to produce products such as ice cream, half and half, and whipping and heavy cream. Cream also is dried and powdered, and some is condensed by evaporation and canned.

CROSSBREED:

An animal whose parents were of different breeds; not pure breed

CUD

The partially digested food that is regurgitated from the first compartment of the cow’s stomach into the mouth to be chewed again. A cow may spend seven hours a day eating food and an additional 10 hours a day chewing her cud.

CURD

Curd clumps of protein and other milk components that are formed during the cheese making process. Curds are pressed into blocks or barrels for

proper aging and curing of cheese.

DAIRY NUTRITIONIST

Professionally trained and educated animal health consultants who specialize in the nutritional needs of dairy cows. Nutritionists recommend the

optimal, scientifically balanced diets that are designed for the specific needs of different cows. Nutritionists work with farmers to monitor how cows respond to their customized feeding program.

DAIRY SUSTAINABILITY

The practice of continuous improvement to provide consumers with nutritious dairy products in a way that makes the industry, people and the earth more economically, environmentally and socially better – now and for future generations. Since 1970, the Kenya dairy industry has reduced its carbon footprint 63 percent. Compared to nearly 70 years ago, a gallon of milk today is produced using 90 percent less land and 65 percent less water from cows that produce 76 percent less manure.

DAM

The mother of a calf.

DRY COWS

A period of time during which a cow is not producing milk. The “dry” period lasts between 50 and 70 days when a cow is preparing to give birth to a calf, which then begins a new lactation period.

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Dairy Terms & Definitions Part -IV

BULL

An adult male dairy animal.

BUTTER

Butter is produced by churning the fat from milk or cream until it solidifies. It may then be salted.

BUTTERFAT

Also known as milkfat, the fatty portion of milk. Milk and cream are often sold according to the amount of butterfat they contain.In the United States, there are federal standards for butterfat content of dairy products.

BYPRODUCTS

The derivatives resulting from processing other foods and fibers. Dairy farmers routinely feed their cows byproducts such as citrus pulp, cotton seed, brewers’ grains, molasses, and almond hulls that are recommended by animal nutritionists who work with dairy farmers on creating menu plans to provide healthy diets for cows.

CALF

A young female dairy animal before she has matured. A young male is called a bull calf.

CARBON FOOTPRINT

Members of the U.S. dairy industry – from the local farm to the retailer – have long played a significant role in our nation’s food system, communities and economy by providing wholesome, nutrient-rich products that are produced in a sustainable manner. Today, a gallon of milk is produced with 90 percent less land, 65 percent less water, 75 percent less manure and a 63-percent smaller carbon footprint than in 1944.

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Dairy Terms & Definitions Part-III

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

A contagious animal disease that does not pose a threat to human health. Pasteurisation effectively destroys the bacterium that causes bovine TB.

BROWN SWISS

A breed of dairy cattle that originated in the Swiss Alps and produces the second largest quantity of milk annually of any dairy breed. Their milk

averages 4 percent butterfat and 3.4 percent protein, which makes it ideal for cheese production. Brown Swiss are gray-brown in color and are known for their docile temperament.

BRUCELLOSIS

A highly contagious disease caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or being in close contact with their secretions. Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis, is destroyed by pasteurization.

BULK TANK

A refrigerated, stainless steel storage tank located at dairy farms, designed to hold milk as soon as it leaves the cow through a series of pipes that travel from the milking parlor to the tank. The milk is cooled immediately in the bulk tank, usually to 35-39° F. The milk is collected daily, or every other day at the farm (depending on total milk volume) and shipped to a processing plant where it is bottled or used to make other dairy products.

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Dairy Terms & Definitions Part - II

👉BEEF COW

Cattle that are raised for beef.

👉BIOGAS

The methane produced by the fermentation of organic matter such as cow manure. The process of using biogas provides a convenient way of turning waste into electricity and decreasing the amount of waste that has to be disposed.

👉BIOTECHNOLOGY

A biology-based technology that is used for agricultural, food science or medicinal purposes. In agriculture, the process involves creating or modifying DNA to impart beneficial genetic traits.

👉BOVINE

Of the biological subfamily Bovine. This diverse group features about 24 species of medium-sized to large ungulates (animals with hoofs), such as domestic cattle. Other members include bison, water buffalo and yak.

👉BOVINE LEUKOSIS

A viral disease of cattle that cannot be transferred to humans. The virus is destroyed in milk through pasteurization.

👉BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)

Also known as Mad Cow Disease, BSE is an infection of brain and neurological tissues with rogue proteins called prions that kills cattle as it causes degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. BSE is not contagious and does not spread from cow to cow. BSE has never been detected in muscle meat or milk, and transmission does not occur into cow’s milk.

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Dairy Terms & Definitions Part-I

👉ANTIBIOTICO

Medication that kills or slows the growth of harmful bacteria. Farmers give antibiotics to treat cows that are ill, just as humans sometimes need

medication when they are sick. Milk from a cow being treated is separated to ensure it does not go into the milk supply. All milk is tested for the

most commonly used antibiotics upon delivery at the dairy plant. A 2015 report from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined the

nation’s milk safety system is effective in helping to prevent drug residues of concern in milk, and no milk contains antibiotics at the retail level.

👉ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI)

Farmers have options for breeding their cows. Most choose to have their cows artificially inseminated to protect the animals and workers as bulls

(males) are large, powerful and can be dangerous. Studies show that AI is safer and more efficient than natural insemination, and the method

allows farmers to breed animals that are healthier and produce higher quality milk.

Artficial Insemination (A.I): A standard practice on most dairy farms today, invoving a dairy producer or trained technician inserting frozen

semen into a cow’s uterus. This is a common procedure as it is quick and easy to perform, allows dairymen to utilize a wide variety of high quality genetics in their herd, and avoids the health and safety risks involved with keeping a mature bull on the farm. Commonly abbreviated as “A.I”

👉AYRSHIRE

A breed of dairy cattle that originated from the County of Ayr in Scotland. The average mature Ayrshire cow weighs between 1,000 and 1,300 pounds and has red markings that can vary in color from orange to brown.

👉BEDDING

Material used to absorb moisture and provide a comfortable cushion where cows can rest. Possible bedding materials include straw, sawdust, wood chips, sand, ground limestone, separated manure solids, shredded newspaper, corn stalks, bark, peanut hulls, sunflower hulls, and rice hulls. Farmers routinely clean the bedding to assure cows have a clean, dry surface which reduces the risk of mastitis.

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Agriculture Terms &Definitions Part -VI

Soil Texture: Refers to the coarseness or fineness of a soil. It is determined by the relative
proportion of various sized particles (sand, silt, and clay) in a soil.

Soil Type: A finer subdivision of a soil series. It includes all soils of a series which are similar in all
characteristics, including texture of the surface layer.

Species: One kind of plant.

Sow: Mature female hog.

Strip Cropping: Growing crops in long narrow strips across a sope approximately on a line of
contour, alternating dense-growing intertilled crops. This is sometimes done with crops grown
under government acreage allotments in order to increase yields per acre, since the intertilled area is
not included in the allotment. It is also done in some dryland areas to conserve moisture and reduce
the hazards of wind erosion.

Subsoiling: Breaking of compact subsoils without inverting them. This is done with a special
narrow cultivator shovel or chisel, which is pulled through the soil at a depth from 12 to 24 inches
and at spacings from 2 to 5 feet.

Summer Fallow: Land plowed up (usually in spring) and left unseeded through the summer.
This is done to let the land air out and rest until fall, when it is worked up and planted to a crop of
grain. May also be done to beak down organic matter or kill weeds.

Terminal Market: A metropolitan market which handles all agricultural commodities. The San
Francisco Wholesale Produce and Fruit Market is an example.

Top Dressing: Lime, fertilizer, or manure applied after the seedbed is ready, or after the plants are
up.

Topsoil: The layer of soil used for cultivation, which usually contains more organic matter than
underlying materials.

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): The sum of all nutrients in a feed that are digested by the
animal.

Transportation: The loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of living plants to the
atmosphere.

Variety: A group of individuals within a species that differs from the rest of the species.

Vertical Integration: The combining of two or more successive steps in the production, processing and distributing processes under a single decision making body. A canner that produces some of his
own raw product, a group of farmers which acquires a cannery or a cotton gin, or a feed company
that owns the poultry are all examples of vertical integration.

Viticulture: The science and practice of vine growing: grape growing.

Water Rights (Riparian Rights): The rights of a person owning land containing or bordering on a
water course or other body of water in or to its banks, bed, or waters.

Water Table: The upper limit of the part of the soil or underlying rock material that is wholly
saturated with water. In some places an upper or perched water table may be separated from a lower one by a dry zone.

Windbreak: A strip of trees or shrubs serving to reduce the force of wind; any protective shelter
from the wind.YouTube

Agriculture Terms & Definition Part - V

Pig: A young swine weighing less than 120 pounds.

Pollen: The male germ cells.

Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

Pomology: the science or study of growing fruit.

Poult: A young turkey.

Poultry: Domestic birds raised for eggs and meat.

Precooling: The process in which loads of fruit or vegetables are rapidly cooled prior to loading for
shipment.

Productive Soil: A soil in which the chemical, physical, and biological conditions are favorable for
the economic production of the crops suited to a particular area.

Pullet: A female chicken less than 1 year old.

Rhizobium: Bacteria living in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants that are capable of
removing nitrogen from the air and soil “fixing” it into forms that plants utilize for growth.

Rhizome: A subterranean stem, usually rooting at the nodes and rising at the apex; a rootstock.

Roaster: A young meat bird, 12 to 16 weeks old weighing 4 to 6 pounds, used for pan roasting.

Roasting Pig: A milk-fat pig weighing from 60 to 100 pounds.

Rooster: A mature male chicken.

Roughage: Feeds high in fiber, low in total digestible nutrients as hay and silage; the complete
forage plant, including the stalk, stem, leaf, and (if mature) the seed.

Ruminants: Animals having a stomach with four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum and
abomasum). Their digestive process is more complex, therefore, than that of animals having a true
stomach. Some commonly known ruminants are cattle, sheep and goats; an example of a true
stomach animal is the pig.

Saturate: To fill all of the openings among soil particles with liquid.

Sheet Erosion: The gradual, uniform removal by water of the earth’s surface, without the formation
of hills or gullies.

Silage: Prepared by chopping green forage (grass, legumes, field corn, etc.) Into an airtight
chamber, where it is compressed to exclude air and undergoes and acid fermentation that retards
spoilage. Contains about 65 percent moisture; 3 lbs. Of silage is equal to 1 lb. Of hay nutritionally.

Slaughterhouse: A place where animals marketed for meat arc killed humanely.

Soil Horizon: A layer of soil material approximately parallel to the land surface which differs from
adjacent genetically related layers in color, structure, texture, or consistence. It also differs in
biological and chemical characteristics.

Soil Map: A map designed to show the distribution of soil types or other soil-mapping units in
relation to the prominent physical and cultural features of the earth’s surface.

Soil-Moisture Tensiometer: An instrument which measures the tension with which water is held
by soil. The instrument can be used for estimating when to irrigate land and for detecting drainage
problems.

Soil Reaction: The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil usually expressed in terms of pH value.

Soil Series: A grouping of soils which have developed from a particular kind of parent material and
which are similar in all characteristics except texture of the surface layer. The soil series is one of
the principal units of soil classification.

Soil Structure: Refers to bonding together of soil particles and the resulting configuration of solid
and voids.

Soil Survey: The systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of soils in an
area.

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Agriculture Definition & Terms Part- IV

Hydroponics: Growing of plants in water containing the essential growth elements. This process is
being used in “glass” houses for intensive “off-season” production of vegetables.

Incubation: A process of holding eggs under controlled conditions of heat and moisture permitting
the fertile eggs to hatch. Chicks require 21 days and turkeys 28 days to hatch.

Integration: Control by a single organization of all or some of the various stages of production.
Lactation Period: The length of time a female gives milk following birth of offspring-usually with
reference to dairy cows and milk goats.

Land Classification: The classification of units of land for the purpose of grouping soil of similar
characteristics, in some cases showing their relative suitability for some specific use.

Layer: A female chicken producing eggs regularly. A good layer should produce between 19 and
20 dozen eggs in 12 months.

Leaching: The process of removal of soluble materials by the passage of water through soil.

Legumes: A type of plant which has nodules formed by bacteria on its roots. The bacteria that
compose these nodules take nitrogen from the air and pass it on into the plant for the plant to use.
Some legumes are alfalfa, soybeans, sweet clover and peanuts.

Litter: A group of offspring born at the same time by one sow.

Livestock: Any domestic animal produced or kept primarily for farm, ranch, or market purposes,
including beef and dairy cattle, hogs, sheep, goats, and horses.

Manure: Generally, the refuse from stables and barnyards including both animal excreta and straw
or other litter.

Mare: Mature female horse.
Marginal Land: Land almost too unproductive to be farmed profitably.

Mastitis: A disease of the cow’s udder resulting from infection by microorganisms. The infection
may be caused by improper milking procedures.

Milk (average composition): Milk contains on the average, the following: Fat-3.9%; Albumin-
.7%; Casin-2.5%; Lactose-5.1%; Mineral matter-.7%; and Water-87.1%.

Nematode: Soil worms of microscopic size. These organisms may attack the root or other
structures of plants and cause extensive damage.

Nitrogen Cycle: The sequence of transformations undergone by nitrogen in its movement from the
free atmosphere into and through soils, into the plants, and eventually back. These biochemical
reactions are largely involved in the growth and metabolism of plants and microorganisms.

Nutrient: A chemical element or compound that is essential for normal body metabolism, growth
and production. Includes: carbohydrates fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water.

Offspring: The progeny of parents.
Omnivore: Animals that eat both animal and plant origin feeds.

Organic Fertilizer: Any fertilizer material containing plant nutrients in combination with carbon.

Pasteurization: A process of treatment of milk through heat that kills all harmful bacteria, without
changing its physical or chemical composition.

Permanent Wilting Point: That point at which a plant is dried so badly that even though put into a
humid atmosphere and watered, it will no longer recover.

Pest: Any organism injuring plants or plant products.

pH: A scale of measurement by which the acidity or alkalinity of soil or water is rated. A pH of
6 to 7.5 is considered “ideal” for most agricultural crops. Each plant (specie-type), however, has
its own “ideal” pH range.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Acid Range Neutral Alkali Range

Agriculture Terms and Definitions Part -III

Forage: Vegetable matter, fresh or preserved, which is gathered and fed to animals as roughage
(e.g., alfalfa hay, corn silage, or other hay crops).
Gelding: A male horse that has been castrated before having reached sexual maturity.
Goats:
Angora Breed: Kept for meat and mohair products and grazing brushy areas of range.
Dairy Breeds: Kept for milk products primarily, also meat. American Lamoncha, French Alpine,
Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg.
Buck: Male Goat.
Chevon: Meat from young goats.
Doe: female goat.
Kid: Young, immature goat, either sex.
Kidding: Parturition of the pregnant female goat.
Grade: An animal of common or mixed breeding; and animal which is not a purebred. Such an
animal is ineligible for registration though it usually exhibits some purebred characteristics.
1. Quality Grades for Beef-based on conformation, finish, and quality:
US Prime US Commercial
US Choice US Utility
US Good US Cutter
US Standard US Canner
2. Yield Grades for Beef- based on the expected yield (curability) of trimmed, boneless major retail 
cuts:
YG 1 (best) YG 4
YG 2 YG 5 (poorest)
YG 3
3. Quality Grades for lamb are US Prime, US Choice, US Good, US Utility and US Cull.
Yield Grades for lamb are the same as for beef.
4. Yield Grades for lamb are the same as for beef.
5. USDA Grades for slaughter hogs and pork carcasses combine Quality and Yield into one 
designated grade. These are US 1, US 2, US 3, US 4 and Utility.
Grade A Dairy: A dairy that produces market milk (for human drinking purposes) under state
approved sanitation conditions according to state controlled pooling laws. Milking barn and milk-
handling equipment must meet certain State regulations.
Grade B Dairy: A dairy that produces milk for use in making cheese, ice cream and condensed and
powdered milk. Sanitation requirements are not as strict as for Grade A production. The milk cannot
be sold for fresh market consumption.
Gravitational Water: Water that either runs off or percolates through a soil. Not available for use
by plants.
Green Manure: Any crop or plant grown and plowed under to improve the soil, by addition of
organic matter and the subsequent release of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen.
Heifer: Young (less than 3 years) female of the cattle species that has not borne a calf.
Herbivore: Animals that eat plant origin feeds only.
Horizontal Integration: The combining of two or more similar functions under one decision
making body. A farmer who acquires and manages another farm as a separate unit and a canner that
builds or acquires a cannery in another area are examples of horizontal integration.
Humus: The well decomposed, relatively stable portion of the organic matter in a soil.

Agriculture Terms & Definitions Part-II

Bushel: A unit of dry measure (1 cubic foot) for grain, fruit, etc., equivalent to 8 gallgons of liquid.
Weight varies with the density/bulk of the commodity. Example: Oats weigh 32 lbs. Per
bu.; barley, 46 lbs. Per bu.; and corn, 56 lbs,. Per bu.

Calf: Young (up to yearling or sexual maturity) animal of the bovine species.

Cash Crop: Any crop that is sold off the farm to yield ready cash.

Certified Seed: Seed grown from pure stock which meets the standards of certifying agency
(usually a state government agency). Certification is based on germination, freedom from weeds
and disease, and trueness to variety.

Complete Fertilizer: A fertilizer containing the three macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and
Potassium) in sufficient amounts to sustain plant growth.

Compost: Organic residues, or a mixture of organic residues and soil which have been piled,
moistened, and allowed to undergo biological decomposition. Mineral fertilizers are sometimes
added.

Confinement: Livestock kept in “dry-lot” for maximum year-round production. Facilities may be
partial or complete solid floored and enclosed/covered.
Controlled Lighting: Artificial lighting of poultry housing. Increasing or decreasing the number of
hours of light during the day will control sexual maturity, fertility, and molt.

Cooperative: An organization formed for the purpose of production and marketing of goods or
products owned collectively by members who share in the benefits. Most common examples in
agriculture are canneries and creameries.

Crop Rotation: More or less regular recurrent succession of different crops on the same land for
the purpose of maintaining good yields.

CWT: Hundredweight or 100 pounds.

Double Crop: Two different crops grown on the same area in one growing season.

Drainage: The removal of excess surface water or excess water from within the soil by means of
surface or sub-surface drains.

Drilling: The process of opening the soil to receive the seed, planting the seed and covering it in a
single operation.

Dry Cow: A cow that is not producing milk, the period before the next calving and lactation.

Dry Land Farming: The practice of crop production without irrigation.

Erosion: The wearing away of the land surface, usually by running water or wind.

Feed Lots:
1. Dry Lot Feeding: Feeding process wherein cattle are confined in a small area and fed carefully
mixed, high-concentrate feed to fatten them.
2. Farm Feed Lot: Where cattle feeding is complementary with other farming enterprises.
3. Commercial Where cattle are fed for others on a custom basis. Feed usually is
Feed Lot: purchased, labor is hired.

Fertilization: The union of pollen with an egg to form an embryo.

FFA: Future Farmers of America-an organization for high school students studying vocational
agriculture.

4-H: Club for boys and girls sponsored by the Agricultural Extension Service to foster better
agriculture and homemaking. The 4-H’s stand for Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. Members are
9 to 19 years of age.

Field Capacity: The moisture content of soil in the field as measured two or three days after a
thorough wetting of a well-drained soil by rain or irrigation water.

Agriculture Terms & Definitions part -I

Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0.

Acre: A parcel of land, containing 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet.

Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products
useful and necessary to man. Both a “way of life” and a “means of life” for the people involved in
this industry.

Agriculture Extension Service: Cooperative (Federal, State, and County) agency doing research
and education for rural and urban producer and consumer groups, located in each county with
specialist personnel for each particular area.

Agronomy: The science of crop production and soil management.

Alfalfa: A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock.

Animal Unit: A unit of measurement of livestock, the equivalent of one mature cow weighing
1,000 lbs. The measure is used in making comparisons of feed consumption. Five mature ewes a
also are considered an animal unit.

Annual: A plant that completes its life cycle from seed to plant, flower, and new seed in 1 year or
less.

Apiary: Colonies of bees in hives and other beekeeping equipment for the production of honey.

Artificial Insemination: The mechanical injection of male semen into the womb of the female with
a special syringe-like apparatus. The process begins with the collection of semen from the male.
This method is used extensively in dairy husbandry.

Auger: Spiral device on a shaft used to move grain through a tube.

Avian: Pertaining to poultry and/or fowl.

Balance Ration: A ration which furnishes all the necessary nutrients in the proportions and
amounts needed by the animal for normal functioning and growth.

Bloating: Abnormal swelling of the abdomen of livestock, caused by excessive gas formation
which can result in death.

Boar: A breeding male hog, any age.

Breed: A group of animals descended from common ancestry and possessing certain inherited
characteristics which distinguish it from any other group. When matings within the breed are made,
these characteristics are transmitted to the offspring in a uniform and predictable manner.

Breeds of Beef Cattle:
English Origin: Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn

European Origin: Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Simmental

Asian Origin: Brahma.
United States Developed: Brangus, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis, Red Angus.

Broadcasting: Random scattering of seeds over the surface of the ground. If the seed is to be
covered, this is done as a separate operation, usually with a spike-tooth harrow.

Broiler: A chicken of either sex about 7 weeks of age.

Agriculture Basics

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Horticulture Reference Books for SRF, JRF, NET, MCAER, AgriMPSC, NABARD, IBPS AO

Horticulture Reference Books for SRF, JRF, NET, MCAER, AgriMPSC, NABARD, IBPS AO.

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